The Cherry Orchard :: essays research papers

In drama The Cherry Orchard , Lopakhin and Madame Ranevsky are clashing individuals, who are non to be judged as either good or bad. Both characters are human, having honorable traits. Lopakhin and Madame Ranevskys characters are incompatible in the others mind. Madame Ravensky is a member of the falling aristocracy who is a lost romantic trapped in a fantasy world on the orchard while forgetting her troubles in the "real" world. Lopakhin is a money driven, sometimes vulgar, and socially rising individual. Lopakhin is trying to cast a future by overcoming his past, but remains genuine and practical in his offering help. The orchard is a focal piece in the play, thusly the name "The Cherry Orchard." The orchard is to be sold in a month after Madame Ravenskys arrival. Lopakhin believes that the only way the orchard estate can be saved is by chopping down the cherry trees and breaking up the property, which he intends to do if he buys the orchard. Madame Ravensky wou ld rather the orchard be lost completely than changed from how it give remain in her memories forever. The orchard haunts Madame Ravensky. The orchard is where her son died, which is the saddest thing in her life, but at the same time the orchard was where Madame Ravensky grew up. She remembers all the innocence she had at the orchard, and the orchard would not be the same if it changed. No one can bring bear out the orchard in her family and she wont save it because the orchard is merely a memory. She is dropping in class as seen in her fifth floor apartment, but will still put on a pitying frontage shown by her tipping a rupel. She seems ignorant, yet confident in her impracticality, because she loves the orchard so much but does not want to save it. This is true because Madame Ravensky may not want to save it. Her son died on the orchard as well as the orchard is where she used to live prosperously and like a smallish girl in her innocence and no worries. It is conceivable th at she may not want to save the orchard and just keep it in her memories as she moves back to France excepting her fall in society but still living, acting wealthy. She the orchard reminds Madame Ravensky of the romantic times of her life and wants to hold onto them one last time.

Average Americans vs. Environmentalists :: Environmental Essays

Average Americans vs. Environmentalists American Enterprise magazine (May/June 1999) carried an article by Karl Zinsmeister, titled Environmentalists vs. Scientists. Its in the main a report on research published by two academics Stanley Rothman and Robert Lichter in their book titled Environmental Cancer A Political Disease. The authors surveyed a cross-section of environmental leaders at organizations such as National Resources Defense Council, the Sierra Club, the National Wildlife Federation, Ducks Unlimited, the Environmental Defense Fund, the Nature Conservancy and the National Audubon Society. identically worded survey questions were administered to different groups of scientists. Among the groups surveyed was the American Association for Cancer Research, whose members be specialists in carcinogenesis or epidemiology.It turns out that scientists and environmentalists hold markedly different views. Sixty-seven percent of pubic louse specialists believe theres no genus Cance r epidemic while merely 27 percent of environmental activists hold the same view. Only twenty-seven percent of cancer specialists agree with the statement industry causes rising cancer rates, while 64 percent of environmentalists do. The scientists didnt trust the media. Only 22 percent of cancer specialists cut into the New York Times reporting on cancer topics to be trustworthy and only sestet percent found the TV network news to be so.When four hundred climatologists, oceanographers and atmospheric scientists were asked whether evidence supports the greenhouse effect theory, 41 percent agreed compared to 66 percent of environmentalists. Similarly, 51 percent of energy scientists say nuclear powerfulness plants are safe compared to only 10 percent of environmentalists. Environmentalists not only differ from scientists but are markedly different from the widely distributed public as well. Environmental activists are a narrow elite 76 percent are male, 97 percent are white and a third work incomes over $100,000. They are unrepresentative of America politically as well. Sixty-three percent describe themselves as liberals compared to 18 percent of the general public. Only six percent are Republicans ten times as many are Democrats. To the question, Id fight for my country, right or wrong, 57 percent of all Americans answered yes while only 9 percent of environmentalists said yes.Environmentalists support causes like race quotas, abortion-on-demand and homosexual rights at rates of 70 to 80 percent, versus 34 to 40 percent of the general public. Rothman and Licther summarized, Although most Americans are willing to describe themselves as environmentalists, from these data it seems clear that environmental activists do not speak for the public. . . . The perspective and background of this movements leadership are considerably removed from those of the majority.

Jack London Essay -- essays research papers

Jack capital of the United Kingdom was a prolific writer, one of the most widely read American writers of the early 20th century. During his bypass life, he wrote fifty books, plus many articles and poor stories. Besides being one of the most widely read authors, he was also the highest-paid. However, Jack London did not spend all of his time writing. Besides being an author, he also was a gold prospector, a homeless, a pirate, a sailor, and a pulverisation worker. London was determined to live an adventurous lifeI would rather be ashes than dust I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dryrot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in impressive glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time. (Parks and Recreation)This attitude fueled Jack London&8217s daring life. But his brash spirit eventua lly lead to his demise. London lived a short life, dying at age 40. He was known to be strikingly handsome and was a celebrity. His passionate writings were famous for his ideas on the struggle of excerption and the questions of death. London&8217s novels were usually based on nature and adventure, coming from real life experiences, which appealed to millions of readers. Jack London was born on January 12, 1876 in San Francisco, California. The human relationship between his mother, Flora ...

Aviation Weather Delays :: essays research papers

Weather Delays. We seem to devour heard so much more about them in recent divisions. Is the weather getting worse? Are the newer planes less able to stand the rough weather than the planes of thepast? Maybe travelers just complain more What is the reason for the 70% development in flightdelays and 23% increase in cancellations blamed on the weather since 1978? Are the airlines justusing weather as a piece of cake all to cover other problems and keep themselves covered under thestatemeant you cant control the weather. I will attempt to answer these questions along with afew others in this report but, the question that cannot be escaped from beginning to the end seemsto be Is the weathe rreally that bad?Lets start with why have the flight delays increased so much since 1978.It all seemed like agood idea at the time, and for many, it still is one of a short numerate of good ideas to come from theFederal Government Airline Deregulation . This allowed for more competion between air lines inmore ways than ever before not moreover could they compete for customers on strictly a customerservice stand point but also for the price of fares and the amount flights offered to the morepopular destinations. Up until this DEREGULATION, the Federal Government through theDepartment of Transportation strictltly controlled the amount of flights an airline could scheduleand the amount they could charge for these flights. Weather or any other problem could onlyhave a limited effect on the flight schedule as only about one third as many flights werescheduled then as are scheduled today? Then what is considered by many to be one of a long incliningof oversights by The Federal Government nothing was done to the air traffic control system toaccount for the inevitable increase in passengers and flights scheduled. Much of the U.S.Air employment Control System was then and is now operating on World War II era technology with mostof the updates coming only as needed to accommodate ei ther the Cold War or NASA. Sometwenty-two years latter the inevitable is now upon us .Consider this in the year ofderegulation(1978) there were 250 million passengers carried by the US airlines in 1999 thisnumber topped 650 million. All other factors organism equal this would result in more passengersbeing delayed or canceled just by the growth of travel.Why does the older equipment cause so many problems ?The main reason is system overloadwith no more flexibility available in the system.

A Reflection On Herman Melvilles Accomplishments :: essays research papers fc

A Reflection On Herman Melvilles Accomplishments     "As an author Melville both courted failure and scorned success."(pg.613, A Companion to Melville Studies). How many famous legends in time haveexisted to know no fame. How many remarkable artist have lived and died neverreceiving due credit for there work. Herman Melville is clearly an artist ofwords. Herman Melville is sure as shooting a prodigy when it comes to writing. HermanMelville never received hardly any credit for any of his works. Melville wrotesuch novels as Moby-Dick, and Billy Budd. Melville wrote rough things that heknew about. He wrote about his own experiences. The one thing that he loved,and knew the most about was whaling.     Herman Melville was born in 1819, the son of Allan and Maria Melville.He was one of a Family of eight children - quartet boys and four girls - who wasraised comfortably in a nice neighborhood in New York City. Herman Melvillecame from a fa mous line of work line out of Albany, NY. Melvilles grandfather, superior generalPeter Gansevoort, was a hero. Even though the General died six years beforeMelville was born, Melville still put him in his book, Pierre.     On the outer side of the riptide line there was Major Melville. The Majorwas a wealthy Boston merchant who was one of the famous "Mohawks" who boardedthe ship of the East India Company that night of 1773, and dumped the charge into the Boston Harbor. Later Major Melville became the Naval Officer of The Portof Boston, a post given to him by Gorge Washington. It is like the two bloodlines fitted together perfectly to create Herman Melville. Herman had thestrength of the General, and the crazy hart of the Major.     Herman Melville was "hardly more than a boy" when he ran out to seaafter his fathers death. A young Melville sighed up as a boy on the St.Lawrence to Liverpool and back to New York. Many of the e vents that show up inMelvilles Redburn are actuarial events that happened of his front voyage.After returning home and finding his mothers family fortune gone, Melvilledecided to take a journey over land this time to the Mississippi river to visithis Uncle Thomas. finished out all of Melvilles work the image of inlandlandscapes, of farms, prairies, rivers, lakes, and forest recur as acounterpoint to the barren sea. Also in Moby-Dick Melville tells how he was a"Vagabond" on the Erie Canal, which was the way Melville returned.     Melville wrote that it was not the lakes or forest that sank in as much

A Reflection On Herman Melvilles Accomplishments :: essays research papers fc

A Reflection On Herman Melvilles Accomplishments     "As an author Melville both courted failure and scorned success."(pg.613, A Companion to Melville Studies). How many celebrated legends in time haveexisted to know no fame. How many remarkable artist have lived and died neverreceiving due attribute for there work. Herman Melville is clearly an artist ofwords. Herman Melville is certainly a prodigy when it comes to writing. HermanMelville never received hardly any credit for any of his works. Melville wrotesuch novels as Moby-Dick, and billy Budd. Melville wrote about things that heknew about. He wrote about his own experiences. The one thing that he loved,and knew the most about was whaling.     Herman Melville was born in 1819, the son of Allan and Maria Melville.He was one of a Family of eight children - four boys and four girls - who wasraised comfortably in a nice neighborhood in New York City. Herman Melvillecame from a famou s blood line out of Albany, NY. Melvilles grandfather, GeneralPeter Gansevoort, was a hero. Even though the General died six years beforeMelville was born, Melville still put him in his book, Pierre.     On the outer side of the blood line there was Major Melville. The Majorwas a wealthy Boston merchant who was one of the famous "Mohawks" who boardedthe institutionalize of the East India Company that night of 1773, and dumped the cargo into the Boston Harbor. Later Major Melville became the Naval Officer of The Portof Boston, a post given to him by Gorge Washington. It is like the two bloodlines fitted together perfectly to create Herman Melville. Herman had thestrength of the General, and the crazy hart of the Major.     Herman Melville was "hardly more than a boy" when he ran out to seaafter his fathers death. A young Melville sighed up as a boy on the St.Lawrence to Liverpool and back to New York. Many of the events that sh ow up inMelvilles Redburn are actuarial events that happened of his first voyage.After returning home and finding his mothers family fortune gone, Melvilledecided to take a journey over shore this time to the Mississippi river to visithis Uncle Thomas. Through out all of Melvilles work the image of inlandlandscapes, of farms, prairies, rivers, lakes, and forest recur as acounterpoint to the pure(a) sea. Also in Moby-Dick Melville tells how he was a"Vagabond" on the Erie Canal, which was the way Melville returned.     Melville wrote that it was not the lakes or forest that sank in as much

Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay

Lennie and George are considerably different from the other ranch workers mainly unlike the workers who are all shown to be lonely, George and Lennie sire each other. They relay on each other and their breathing ins together. in that respect is a bond of trust and friendship between the two main characters which is tragically highlighted in the closing lines of the novel.The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is set in the early 1930s following the collapse of the New York wall street grocery known as the depression years.In this time there was heavy unemployment migrant workers from all over America came to California where the novel is set in the Salinas valley in search of prospects of work. The ranch itself is a microcosm of the life for migrant workers in that time, their insecurities are shown through the characters such as Curley, Candy, Curleys wife and to a fault the life of Black people through Crooks. All the characters are lonely except for Lennie and George who brace each other and this is shown through their hopes and dreams.Lennie and Georges history together opens up when George talks to Slim a character that everyone respects, flat Curley. George openly speaks to Slim more or less the incident when George tells Lennie to jump into the river jokingly, but to everyones surprise Lennie jumps in without call into question George not realising he cannot swim and almost drowns if George didnt rescue him, even then Lennie thanks George for saving him even though it was George who told him to do it in the origin place. At this excite Georges fear is shown at Leannies inability to comprehend logical and illogical things, George realises at that moment that if he is not prudent Lennie could do the wrong thing again.Georges other fears are also shown in the incident at weed, while talking about it to slim he describes Lennie being slow as he likes to touch everything he likes, just wants to feel it. So he reaches to feel a girlfriends red dress and the girl screams, Lennie gets scared all he can think to do is hold on and that George had to hit him with a fence picket to make him let go. once again Lennies distinctiveness becomes an issue and the writer almost foretelling the future. George is afraid of Lennie not understanding right from wrong and his strength scares George making him think that he might towhat he did at weed again.Lennie is shown to be a child in a mans body . throughout the book he wants to be told their dream almost like a bed time story and doesnt feel closure until he has been told it. And again like a child he likes soft and fury things relating to the reason wherefore he likes to touch dresses. Lennies greatest fear of the all is that he wont be up to(p) to tend the rabbits if he did something wrong like the incident at weed again, he is also afraid of his own strength and not being subject to let go.Lennie and Georges dream of having a place of their own living of the fat of the land a nd Lennie and his alfalfa patch and tending the rabbits, keeps them loss and hoping that they wont have to worry about Lennie doing the wrong things again, and George being able to do what he wants do and not think about what allow happen to Lennie. Their dreams create hope for other characters like Candy and Crooks even for a short while.On the face of it, it appears that Lennie, because of his mental immaturity, is totally reliant upon George for his excerption and for obtaining work at various ranches. Equally important however, is the extent to which George relies on Lennie for companionship in the generally unfriendly and lonely environment of the migrant labourer. As George admits to Slim when discussing himself and Lennie its a lot nicer to go around with a guy you know. It can be seen therefore that George might not be with Lennie purely out of a sense of pity or duty to Lennies aunt Clara.From the start of the novel Steinbeck raises the questions in the minds of the read er about why these characters should be involved in such an unlikely partnership George is short of stature, intelligent and projects self-confidence, Lennie on the other hand, is a giant of a man, ponderous in his gait and his mind of a young child.The course of events that unfold are tragic, most of it starts with Curley and his insecurity about his height and his always willing to pick a fight with bigger men to prove he is not weak. Steinbeck calls him calculating andpugnacious and gives him reptilian animal like qualities representing his behaviour to a crocodile while Lennie is shown to have bear and horse like qualities compared to animals with admirable traits.Ch 3 begins when Curley busts in looking for Slim who he thinks is with his wife. When Slim re-enters the room telling Curley that hes regurgitate of Curley asking him about his wife. Curley cant fight with Slim so he moves to Carlson who warns him not to pick a fight with him, as they all collaborate in Curley feels defenceless and so turns on to Lennie given any excuse to fight with him. As Curley begins to fight him, Lennie gives out a cry of terror and turns to George for benefactor as he was too frightened to defend himself. George immediately gets onto his feet yelling Give it to him Lennie, dont let him do it.George was afraid of Lennies strength but he wouldnt let Lennie go down like that he was protective over him. As Curley goes for another blow to the blood cover face, Lennie grabs his fist. Curley is described to be flopping as a fish. Then just like in weed Lennie held on to the closed fist being crushed by Lennies hand. It took both George and Slim to make Lennie let go. Curley was warned not to say a word about what happened. After this Curleys wife became very elicit in what happened actually happened to Curleys hand but nobody spoke to her.When Lennie kills the pup in the barn, while wondering what to do Curleys wife comes in. even though he shouldnt talk to her he does, she tells him how she is lonely and just wants someone to talk too, also how unhappy she is in her marriage to Curley, this is the only point in the novel where her story comes out, how she was never loved at home, how she married Curley to get away from her life, her dreams of becoming famous in movies.As Lennie feels her hair vents cite themselves he cant let go and in her struggle to get free and Lennies fear that she will call George he breaks her fill in in attempt to silence her again his inability to control his strength has taken a turn for the worst. He realises what he has done and remembers that if he did anything frightful George said to go to the brush where hed find him there, so Lennie quickly and gently leaves. Candy is the first to find her in the barn and gets George who knows direct what hashappened he tells candy to let him go to the bunk house first then tell the rest of them so he doesnt look involved.There dream is destroyed and candy blames Curleys wife, when he tells the rest of them Curley shows no sign of remorse all he can do is think about getting Lennie back.As they all take off to find Lennie, George manages to find him first by the lake even now he is still afraid he wont be able to tend the rabbits. George knows that there is no way out for them, knowing Curley he would just want to kill him he wouldnt put him in jail, and if he let him go the Lennie couldnt look afterward himself he would die without food, shelter and someone to look after him.George knew that he would have to kill him when he found Lennie. Just like Candys dog to put him out of his misery for the sake of Lennie. in addition he couldnt let someone else do it he told Lennie about their dream one last time as he told it he quietly put the gun to the back of Lennies head without him realising and shot him, it was a sympathy kill. At the end it is Slim who comforts him in telling George that he had to do it.BibliographyOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck

Description Paragraph of an Important Person in Your Life

My grandfather has a very special place in my life. He is the greatest person I know, and I really admire and delight in him as a person. Grandfather was tall, thin with lots of white hair. He was in his asss when I passed away. Although I spent shrimpy time with him, I have lots of fund of him. My grandfather lived in a small vill days called Bib, in Imo state, Nigeria. I was living with him at the age of four, because my parents were in Rome, Italy. I spent about six years with him before I Joined my parents.He was a great populace and everyone knows him because he was a man of integrity, and he always stand on his words. My grandfather worked as an electrical engineer. All I can remember is that, he always wears green t-shirt, sour trouser, and a thick glove to work. He told me that the glove was to prevent electrical shocks. My grandfather inspired me to be an engineer. He told me that I go away make right-hand(a) money if I become an engineer. As little child, I told him that it was not going to be possible, because I thought it was male Job. He made me to realise that there are many types of career in engineer.Another thing my grandfather inspired me to do was be a corking person. He though me how to respect elders and talk to people In a good manner. Although life was hard, he gives me money to buy things that I need, from the little money he makes from his Job. He was paying my school feel and making sure that I did not lack anything. My staying In Nigerian turned from good moment to bad, when he was admitted to hospital. There was no decent hospital, but the doctor who visited him after two weeks of Illness, said he was going to die because his liver was damaged from poison.I cried out, called him several time but my lovemaking grandfather could not hear me again. After three days I spent In the hospital, no one came to visit or bring us something to eat. I looked around me, I saw him struggling to live. Everywhere smelled some wired scent . Affably when he opened his eyes I detect that It was yellow. My grandfather told me he Is going to die because there was no doctor that gave him medication, which Is why his liver was affected and there was nothing they could do again to restrain his life.I wept and said, had It been that I was a doctor I would have save his life. He replied and said my daughter, Its not too late, when you Join your parents, you can study and become a doctor, so that you will save Innocent souls In Africa. Still with tears, I said, I will do that to honor oh grandfather. Today, I am working toward It and I am hoping to accomplish my dream In becoming a doctor to honor the memory of my beloved grandfather.Description Paragraph of an Important Person in Your behavior By phoneme person. He though me how to respect elders and talk to people in a good manner. Did not lack anything. My staying in Nigerian turned from good moment to bad, when him after two weeks of illness, said he was going to die be cause his liver was grandfather could not hear me again. After three days I spent in the hospital, no one to live. Everywhere smelled some wired scent finally when he opened his eyes I deiced that it was yellow.My grandfather told me he is going to die because there was no doctor that gave him medication, which is why his liver was affected and there was nothing they could do again to save his life. I wept and said, had it been that I was a doctor I would have save his life. He replied and said my daughter, its you will save innocent souls in Africa. Still with tears, I said, I will do that to honor you grandfather. Today, I am working toward it and I am hoping to accomplish my dream in becoming a doctor to honor the memory of my beloved grandfather.

Leaf Water Repellency

Cloud forests are characterized by photosynthetic capacity which may be increased by reduced water retention of the flicker. The reason is that carbon dioxide diffuse air faster than water. The article Leaf Water Repellency as an Adaptation to Tropical montane Cloud Forest Environment by Curtis D.bearer examines lead water repellency in three ecosystems of Guatemala a tropical dry forest, tropical montane infect forest and clement foothills-grassland zone. The authors hypothesis that stain forest zones are characterized by higher riffle water repellency failed to be proved as leaf water repellency appeared to be higher in tropical dry forests and temperate foothills- grassland zone.Water repellency is defined as adaptation on the surface of the leaf in habitants which are constantly subjected to daily precipitations during the period of active growth. Holder assumes that leaf water repellency is lower in open-meadow habitants than in dry forest habitants that because dew forma tions are occurring faster.Moreover, water repellency of any leaf is driven, primarily, by physiological factors. In wet zones the plants are claimed to be selected due to their water shedding abilities as they beat to able to defend their stomatal pores and to enhance photosynthesis abilities after blot out interception. Decrease in water repellency may result in increased disease rates, although it doesnt affect selective traits.Holder argues that it is natural selection that predetermined water repellency on leaf surface in cloud forest zones. Fog droplets negatively affect water repellency as they prevent gas substitute in plants. In such a way, photosynthetic carbon exchange is prevented by fog droplets as carbon dioxide diffuse air faster than water.Leaves with high water repellency minimize the leaf surface and promote the beading of water assisting gas exchange processes. In cloud forest zones, high leaf water repellency increase photosynthesis efficiency. Holder stresses that leaf water repellency is measured by calculating the contact fish between a droplet of water and leaf surface. (p.767)As it is mentioned above, the paper examines three clear-cut areas and central thesis is that high water repellency is inherent for plants in cloud forest zones as plants are more able to maximize photosynthesis and gas exchange process. Three areas were chosen to test leaf water repellency sierra de la Minas, Chiquimula and Colorado. Firstly, leaf water repellency was testified near Sierra de la Minas in lower cloud forest zone.This contribution is characterized by humid slopes on the downwind side and, consequently, slopes on the leeward side. Strong northern winds are prevailing in that region. Night temperatures are about 5-15 degrees all year round. Also, Sierra de la Minas is characterized by variable precipitation rainy season is observed from May till October. Fogs are more common in dry season, rather than in wet one.Secondly, leaf water repellenc y was examined in Chiquimula which is situated in 75 km from Sierra de la Minas. Leaves were tested on the leeward side of the region and were selected from dry forests. The precipitation rate is 1050 mm occurring from May till October. The temperature range is 22-26 degrees.Thirdly, water repellency was tested in leaves in Colorado, in particular, near the campus of the University of Colorado. Mainly, Colorado is temperate foothills-grassland zone. Selected species are dormant plants tested in the coldest months.Summing up, all species were chosen from the three distinct regions as they had managed to survive to maturity in their climatic conditions. Researches gathered only leaves which received equal amount of sun light and shade as it would allow more accurate examination. Leaves were dried with filter paper and than were fastened to a wood platform to view the horizontal profile of the leaf.The test aimed at identifying the differences between adaxial and abaxial sides of the l eaf in terms of water repellency. Holder specifies that in the experimental design using nested analysis of variance, species were nested within study sites, leaves were nested within species, and leaf surfaces were nested within leaves. (p769)The results contradict the initial hypothesis and showed that as leaf water repellency appeared to be higher in tropical dry forests, not in cloud forest ecosystem. Species chosen from Sierra de la Minas region appeared to hand over the lowest water repellency, whereas species retrieved near the University of Colorado proved to own the highest water repellency.The leaf water repellency appeared to be significantly different in the three distinct regions. Sierra de la Minas species differed from those in Colorado and Chiquimula, and water repellency in Chiquimula differed from that in Sierra de la Minas and Colorado. It proves that leaves in different climatic zones cant have similar water repellency as they have different levels of adaptatio ns.Holder stresses that cloud forests are characterized by reduced capabilities to photosynthesis because of abaxial leaf wetness and constant cloud cover not letting the sun in. Therefore, leaves in this region should develop adaptation capabilities as it would allow maximizing photosynthesis processes in the most humid regions. In cloud forests the productivity of ecosystems is limited.The author concludes that, despite his expectancies, cloud forests arent characterized by high leaf water repellency and, therefore, leaves are less able to minimize the water surfeit on their surfaces. As a result, photosynthesis is decreased. Higher leaf water repellency in Chiquimula and Colorado is related to increased soil moisture and water balance in plants. High water repellency may increase fog precipitation and flow of steam leading to greater hydrological inputs. Summing up, leaf water repellency is plays crucial role in hydrological processes.ReferencesHolder, Curtis D. (2007). Leaf Wa ter Repellency as an Adaptation to Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Environment. Biotropica, 39, 6, 767-770.

Centre For Energy Petroleum And Mineral Law Environmental Sciences Essay

This opinion has assessed the public initiation of the Tema vegetable fossil anele Refinery. The analytical attack adopted for the survey involves both the computation of energy strengths and force uses. The energy strengths showed that the refinery is non effective in footings of its energy occupy from 2000 to 2011 as it median(a) Annual efficacy strength of 0.07KOE per 1000 KOE of rough inunct refined is much higher as comp ard to others with 0.05KOE per 1000 KOE of rough oil color refined and and so ridiculous public presentation in footings of energy breathing in. The consequences excessively indicated that, TOR s energy use stray fell surrounded by 14.26 % and 69.95 % which is low as comp ard to the command benchmark capacity use rate of 85 % and hence, executing under outlooks. The survey at any rate examined managerial attitudes that influence the refinery s public presentation. The result revealed that unequal system c atomic number 18, deficiency of attac hment to crude flexibleness take and authorities policy of subsidization has impacted negatively on the public presentation the refinery.WORD COUNT 4,089PRESENTED TO Dr Xiaoyi MuCONTRACT CONCERNING PLAGIARISMI, the undersigned, have read the mandate of Practice sing plagiarism contained in the Students Introductory Handbook. I realise that this Code g perpetuallyyplacens the manner in which the Centre for zilch, oil colour and Mineral Law and Policy respects and treats the issue of plagiarism. I have understood the Code and in peculiar I am cognizant of the effects, which may follow if I breach that codification. I besides authorise the Centre to scan the e-copy of my investigate paper by dint of the Plagiarism Detection Softw be to observe plagiarismSIGNED ____________________________Date plug-in OF CONTENTaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa incline OF ABREVIATIONSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaList OF TABLESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaList OF FIGURESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..INTRODUCTIONaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaa..BACKGROUNDaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa2.1 Global Refineries and Refiningaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..2.2 State of Tema petroleum Refinery in gold coast ( TOR ) aaaaaaaaaa..2.3 Theoretical Frameworkaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSaaaaaaaaaaaa .3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.10 force customaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.11 vim intensivenessaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.2 managerial Assessment ( MA ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.20 Maintenance Cultureaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.21 Government Policy of Subsidyaaaaaaaaaaaaa4.0 CONCLUSIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..BIBLIGRAPHYaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa List OF ABREVIATIONSTA Technological AssessmentTOR Tema Oil RefineryIOC International Oil unionNOC matter Oil CompanyBSPD Barrels Per DayRFCC Residual Fluid Catalytic common snapping turtleCDU Crude Distillation UnitKOE Kilotonnes of Oil EquivalenceLPG molten Petroleum GasCU capacitance UtilisationEI postal code IntensityCRP Paraguana Refinery ComplexGHAIP Ghana Italian Pet roleum CompanyATK Aviation Turbine KeroseneOMC Oil Marketing CompanyList OF TABLES plank 1 Crude Oil Input and Petroleum Output ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011aaa..Table 2 Petroleum Product Production and Import ( Kilotonnes ) From 2000 to 2011a..Table 3 Tema Oil Refinery Energy Demand Analysisaaaaaaaaa .Table 4 Tema Oil Refinery Summary Characteristicsaaaaaaaa..List OF FIGURESFigure 1 Tendency in Crude Oil Input And Petroleum Output ( 2009-2011 ) aaaaaaaa..Figure 2 Tendency of Domestic Refinery Supply ( Output ) and Imported Quantity Of Petroleum Products ( 2000-2011 ) aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1.0 IntroductionCrude oil in its natural province has no harbor until it is transformed into merchandises such as heating oil, Gasoline, Gasoil and other crude oil merchandises. 1 Therefore to refiner, the value of crude oil is nil other than the value of merchandises derived from it. 2 Globally, the capacity of refineries continues to increase as they expand. In the pre-war epoch, refinemen t was considered to be in its aureate age as they were profitable to run. However, the hereafter promises to convey new challenges and a competitory displacement that require new accomplishments and capacities to win. Refineries owned by International Oil Companies ( IOCs ) close at times operate expeditiously than National Oil Companies ( NOC ) as these IOCs are involve in multiple activities. 3 IOCs are able to understate the short-run cyclical effects of rough oil monetary values and uncertainnesss of the market due to the integrating of Refining and Exploration activities. However, NOCs and other independent refiners are endangered as they are exposed to the hazard of monetary value volatility. 4 On African refineries in general, De Gouvello et al reported that solely 7 of the reach s operating refineries can be classified as universe graduated table. That is, three in Nigeria, three in South Africa and one in Sudan and all other refinement capacities across the part are kettle . 5 The capacity of the Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) can non be exempted from this categorization. TOR incorporated in 1960 as a simple hydro planing works refinery, over the past old ages has been the lone refinery in Ghana with the authorization to polishing rough oil to bring forwards crude oil merchandises to run into the demands of the state. 6 It is required to transportation out this authorization in an efficient safe and environmentally friendly mode. It has undergone enormous reconstituting plentiful it more duties as its capacity additions from 28,000 BSPD to 45,000 BSPD. 7 A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a capacity of 14,000 BSPD has besides been added to the installation to enable it change over low value remnant from the Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. It relies on to the highest degree 80 % of galvanic power generated internally and the staying 20 % from the national grid. 8 When c ompared to other refineries in the universe and in Africa, TOR trading operations are secondary as it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) sight of the domestic crude oil market. 9 It crossroadion degree has been on the diminution for the past 11 old ages given up rise to importing of more crude oil merchandises to fulfill domestic demands. It has of late, been sing relentless closures due to dislocations of some equipment. All these affected the end product of the refinery and therefore considered to be executing ill.This survey assessed the public presentation of TOR for the past 11 old ages ( 2000-2011 ) . It is done to show a clear analysis and image of the public presentation of Ghana s lone Refinery in the state. Many research workers have adopted different attacks and uninflected tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in its appraisal, scarcely limite d to merely technological efficiency. The survey did it appraisal utilizing both Technological Assessment Tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation and Managerial Assessment Approaches such as apportion civilization, congruity with the petroleum flexible demands of the refinery and authorities policy of subsidization of crude oil merchandises.This survey is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background, the province of TOR and the theoretical baby-sit are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the analysis and treatments of the consequences. Chapter four is the reasoning chapter.Background2.1 Global Refineries and PolishingThe refinement performance is important to the crude oil value concatenation because petroleum oil has no value until it is transformed into conclude crude oil merchandises. Refining of petroleum oil started every bit early as 1861 in the United State of America. 10 The first refinery was opened 1 861 to bring forth kerosine for illuming and warming. 11 Technological promotion led to the innovation of car and Electric illuming systems and shifted the procedure from kerosine to motor fuels chiefly Gasoline. 12 Polishing engineering continues to increase and as a consequence led to the debut of the Thermal Cracking and Catalytic Cracker in 1913 and mid-1930 severally. 13 Since so, the figure of runing refineries on planetary footing has non increase significantly. However, polishing capacity continues to spread out and germinate as major expansionary plants are carried out on the bing 1s. The largest refinery in word is the Paraguana Refinery Complex ( CRP ) located in Amuay and Cardon Venezuela with a refinement capacity of 940,000 cask per xxiv hours. 14 But sometimes the credit Industries I and II located next each other in Jamnagar India are combined, doing it the largest one-on-one refinement composite in the universe with a capacity of 1,240,000 barrel per two dozen h ours ( Reliance In. I, 660,000 and Reliance In. II, 580,000 ) .However, ExxonMobile Corporation is ranked as the universe s prima refiner with a refinement capacity of 5,797,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 15 Most refineries on the African continent operate under smaller capacities. Merely a few are considered to be of universe criterion. Harmonizing to BP statistical Review Energy Survey 2012, Africa had a 2011 refinery capacity of approximately 3.56 % of the universe sum. Skikda Refinery in Algeria is the largest in African with a capacity of 300,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Ras Lanuf works in Libya. 16 The Port-Harcourt Refineries I and II situated in Nigeria are the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a entire capacity of 210,000 barrel per twenty-four hours, followed by Shell/BP Sapref Refinery located in Durban with a capacity of 165,000 barrel per twenty-four hours. 17 The Tema Oil Refinery is the lone Refinery in Ghana aerated with the duty of polishing rou gh oil to bring forth crude oil merchandises for national ingestion.2.2 State of Tema Oil Refinery in Ghana ( TOR )The Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) was in the first place known as the Ghana Italian Petroleum Company ( GHAIP ) Limited incorporated in 1960 but started operation in 1963 as a merely hydro planing refinery works. 18 The authorities of Ghana, by common understanding with ENI-Nazionie Intercarboni bought equity retention, therefore given it ( authorities ) 100 % ownership of the company. 19 As a state-owned refinery, the name changed from GHAIP to Tema Oil Refinery ( TOR ) in 1990.TOR started with an initial refinement capacity of 28,000BSPD, but as a national plus, a Crude Distillation Unit ( CDU ) was installed in 1997 increasing it capacity to 45,000BSPD. 20 A Residual Fluid Catalytic Cracker ( RFCC ) with a processing capacity of 14,000BSPD was besides added in 2002 to enable the refinery convert low value residue from the CDU to high value Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) and Gasoline. 21 TOR was livelinessionally designed to polish merely sparkling and sweet petroleum. However, the invariably lifting of rough oil monetary values made direction to intermix different petroleums as a manner of optimizing its borders. Assorted light and sweet petroleums such as Brass, River, Forcados and Palanca are import from neighboring states such as Nigeria, Equatorial, Guinea, Cameroon Gabon and Angola for refinement. 22 The end products of TOR include Diesel, Petrol, LPG, Aviation Turbine Kerosene ( ATK ) , Naphtha, Premix and Residual fuel. 23 The nucleus concern of TOR is to summate refined crude oil merchandises for the domestic market. But it has merely 55 per cent ( 55 % ) portion of the domestic market. 24 The refinery depended solo on imported petroleum for it production until 2010 when it received some rough oil from domestic production. The inability of TOR to bring forth to petroleum merchandises for the replete domestic demands of the state has created the demand for importing of refined merchandises into the domestic market and the lifting degrees of these imports have raised concerns among the Ghanese populace. Table 1 provides informations on the measures of rough oil input and crude oil end product of the refinery from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 depicts the Trend in rough oil input and crude oil end product for the same period. divisionCrude inputPetroleum End product20001,131.81,028.420011,262.91,070.020021,179.41,155.520031,406.21,351.720041,813.51,604.120051,645.51,540.82006962.2891.220071,242.51,195.020081,396.71,221.52009441.4327.12010902.5946.420111,242.9957.7Table 1 Crude OIL INPUT AND OUTPUT ( Kilotonnes ) FOR TOR ( 2000-2011 )Beginning National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011 25 FIG. 1 TREND IN CRUDE OIL INPUT AND PETROLEUM OUTPUT ( 2009-2011 )Beginning Concept of the WriterFrom Table 1, it can be seen that, the class by twelvemonth petroleum input exceeded the crude oil end product produced. This is due to losingss incurred during refinement. It is besides observed that 2006, 2009 and 2010 recorded a much decline decreases in both petroleum inputs and crude oil end products with 2009 entering the worse of it. These are grounds of hapless public presentation of the refinery.Due to this hapless public presentation in 2006, the authorities of Ghana approached two South Korean Companies, SK Corporation and Samsung Corporation to sell a interest as portion of programs to bring forth US $ 6 billion for infrastructural development within the refinery. 26 However, the trade did non happen due to proficient challenges the refinery was sing at that clip.Again, Table 2 shows the measure of domestic refinery supply and the measure of imported crude oil merchandises into the state from 2000 to 2011. Figure 2 illustrates the Trend of these measures for the same period.Table 2 Petroleum PRODUCT PRODUCTION AND IMPORT ( Kilotonnes )YearTOTAL REQUIREMENTDOMESTIC REFINRY SUPPLYIMPORTED QUANTITYPercentage OF IM PORTED ( % )20001,844.71,028.4816.344.2520011,870.91,070.0800.942.8120021,905.21,155.5749.739.3520031,920.81,351.7569.129.6320042,183.61,604.1579.526.5420052,119.11,540.8578.327.2820062,199.2891.21,308.259.4820072,390.71,195.01,195.750.0120082259.21,221.51,037.745.9320092,088.3327.11,761.284.3420102,536.2946.41,589.862.6820113,066.4957.72,108.768.77Beginning National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011FIG. 2 TREND OF DOMESTIC REFINERY SUPPLY ( OUTPUT ) AND IMPORTED QUANTITY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ( 2000-2011 ) Beginning Concept of the WriterFrom both Table 2 and Figure 2, it is observed that, as domestic refinery supply additions, imports tend to diminish from 2000 up to 2004. However, this relationship reverted. From 2005 to 2011, the portion of crude oil imports has been on the addition travelling from 578.3 kilotonnes in to 2005 to every bit high as 2,108.7 kilotonnes in 2011 while that of domestic refinery supply continues to diminish from 1,540.8 kilotonnes in 2005 to every bit low as 957.7 kilotonnes in 2011.All these deficits are attributable to both Technical inefficiencies and managerial inefficiencies which are discussed into inside informations in the following subdivision of this survey.2.3 Theoretical ModelThe attending of most intellectuals since 1970 has ever been on the Energy Utilisation and effectual direction of refineries in the developed universe states. Romulo et Al purported that complex refineries can better their energy ingestion through assorted ways such as increased heat interchange between procedure watercourse, thermic exchange within and between process units and hotter send provender between units, usage of more efficient furnace procedures and other smart ways of using modern engineering. 27 Romulo et Al evaluated the energy efficiency of Brazilian petroleum oil refinement and compared it with the refinement of petroleum oil in US from 1930 to 2008. They concluded that, a Brazilian refinery with a capacity of 157,000 barrel per twe nty-four hours which undergone modernization in 2008 cost US $ 1.3 billion and as such realised an addition of 17 % in its capacity. The consequence besides indicated that, the refinery energy ingestion fell from 0.75MBtu to 0.52MBtu per barrel processed and hence addition in complexness reduces the energy consumed in the concluding production procedure. 28 Others contended that there is no individual manner of measuring the public presentation of refineries across board despite the fact that, refinement procedures are energy intensive and exergy analysis appeared to be the most regular tool for assessment. For illustration, Badmus et Al reviewed the public presentation assessment on the refineries in Nigeria utilizing energy strengths for the analysis and conclude that, the energy ingestion forms of the four refineries are below international benchmark in the oil and gas industry. 29 Jesuleye et Al besides contributed to what this survey referred to as Technological Appraisal . 30 They besides evaluated the energy demand of Port Harcourt refinery in Nigeria and its policy deductions through the computation of energy strengths as a manner of purpose the one-year energy demand of the refinery. The consequence showed that the existent energy demand per twelvemonth for treating rough oil into crude oil merchandises exceeded, in changing grades the stipulated refinery criterion of 4 barrels of oil equivalent ( BOE ) per 100 BOE as the grounds revealed a scope between 4.28 BOE and 8.58 BOE per 100 BOE processed. They nevertheless, included a managerial attitude as Turn-Around Maintenance agenda in their analysis which this survey considered to be of import in measuring the public presentation of refineries.Many research workers have adopted different attacks and Analytic tools such as Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation to measure the public presentation refineries in the universe. This survey considered them to be critical in the appraisal, but limit ed to merely technological efficiency and therefore classified the attack as Technological Assessment of public presentation.Research workers with their different rational positions evaluated the public presentation of refineries across the universe with the usage of different analytical tools as they exist. One of the most widely recognized and realistic tool used is the Solomon Energy Intensity Indicator ( SEII ) . 31 It provides a more realistic contemplation of energy strength of the refinery as it creates room for works by program analysis, considered the different types of destination merchandises, recognises the fact that production procedures are specific and takes into history the operations of the works.Harmonizing to Nyboer and Rivers 2002 cited by Jesuleye et Al, this method has been embraced and applied late by the Canadian Industry Program for Energy preservation in Canada in an effort to develop Energy ingestion benchmark usher for conventional crude oil refinemen t in Canada.For the intent of this survey, the application of SEII could non happen due to the absence of single informations on energy ingestion and the specific activity degrees of the refinery. However, the Energy strengths were calculated based on the concluding energy ingestion of TOR and its overall end product. As indicated by O. A. Jesuleye et Al, the theoretical account has it root from the European Economic Commission Funded undertaking titled Energy Master Plan for Rural Development in Nigeria. 32 The Capacity Utilisation of the refinery was besides determined utilizing it end product to guarantee a full assessment of the proficient efficiency of the refinery. The survey besides investigated into the managerial facets of the refinery.3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGSBoth Technological Assessment ( TA ) and Managerial Assessment ( MA ) are carried out on TOR to determine realistic grounds why the refinery is executing so ill.TA focused on the Energy Demand through t he finding of Annual Energy Intensities utilizing Final Energy Consumption method and the Annual Capacity Utilisations utilizing the Capacity Utilisation attack.3. 1 Technological Assessment ( TA )Energy Intensity ( EI ) = Final Energy Demand aaaaa ( 1 )Crude processedCapacity Utilisation ( CU ) = Output produced X 100aaaaa.. ( 2 )Actual production degreeThe assorted Annual Energy Intensities and Annual Capacity Utilisations from 2000 to 2011 are presented in Table 4 below.Table 3 TEMA OIL REFINERY ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSISYear*Final Energy Demand ( KOE/Yr )*Crude Input ( KOE )*Petroleum End product**Annual Energy Intensities KOE/1000*Required standard Intensity KOE/1000**Annual Capacity Utilisation %*Benchmark capacity Utilisation %200061.51,131.81,028.40.054sodium44.4885200164.11,262.91,070.00.050Sodium46.66852002Sodium1,179.41,155.5SodiumSodium50.39852003Sodium1,406.21,351.7SodiumSodium58.94852004Sodium1,813.51,604.1SodiumSodium69.95852005Sodium1,645.51,540.8SodiumSodium67.198520066 0.2962.2891.20.063Sodium38.8685200778.41,242.51,195.00.063Sodium52.1185200887.81,396.71,221.50.063Sodium53.2785200944.5441.4327.10.101Sodium14.2685201082.6902.5946.40.092Sodium41.2785201190.31,242.9957.70.073Sodium41.7685Beginning * Datas from National Energy Statistics, 2000-2011**Calculated values utilizing EI and CU expressionsNA Not AvailableTable 4 TEMA OIL REFINERY SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICSUnit of measurementStatusCapacityBPSD45,000Average ANNUAL CAPACITY UTILISATION**% ( KOE )48.29Average ANNUAL ENERGY lastingness**1000Kt/yr0.07Entire LOSSES ESTIMATE*% ( KOE )3-6* Entire Losses Estimate of 3-6 % is obtained from National Energy Commission, 2011,** Calculated from Table 4.3.1.0 Capacity UtilisationFrom Table 4, the Annual Capacity Utilisation of the refinery ranged between 14.26 % in 2009 and 69.95 % in 2004. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery has an Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % . This is much lower as compared to the general benchmark Capacity Utilisation of 85 % in the refinement industry. It shows that the refinery is runing under criterion and hence indicates a hapless public presentation. Losses besides accounted for about 3-6 % of petroleum inputs as indicated in Table 5. These losingss are due to the low capacity and inefficiency of the premium reformist of the refinery.3.1.1 Energy IntensityFrom Table 4, the Annual Energy Intensities of the refinery ranged between 0.050 KOE in 2001 and 0.101 in 2009 per 1000 of petroleum processed. This shows that the refinery was more energy efficiency in its ingestion in 2001 than in 2009. As indicated in Table 5, the refinery besides has an Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07 KOE per 1000. When compared to the Annual Energy Intensity of other refineries even with much higher capacities such as Port Harcourt Refinery with a stipulated Intensity of 0.04 KOE per 1000, TOR is inefficient in footings of Energy Consumption. This shows the refinery consumes more energy, even though its end pr oduct degrees are falling and therefore indicates hapless public presentation on it portion.From the above Technological Assessment, it clear that the Tema Oil Refinery is executing ill as it produces below capacity, consumes more energy than others and incurred greater per centum of losingss.3.2 Managerial Appraisal3.2.0 Maintenance CultureThere are a figure of direction related issues which impacted negatively on the public presentation of TOR. These included the followers The failure of direction to constantly transport out care on the installation causes frequent closing of the refinery. Harmonizing to Odiguri et Al cited by Badmus et Al 2012, the Turn Around Maintenance inspection and repair of refineries in general, is recommended to be undertaken every 18 or 24 month. 33 This is non done at TOR. Care is merely carried out when a mistake is detected. 34 Even at the point of transporting out care, direction still employ antique industrial practises. This attitude of direction affected the proficient efficiency of the refinery and hence, lowers the end product than expected.A break in H2O supply is yet another ground that consequences in the hapless public presentation of the refinery. TOR dependance entirely on Ghana Water Company Limited for supply of H2O. 35 This beginning nevertheless, is non dependable as the company normally encounter frequent dislocations due its elderly grapevines. 36 Any break in H2O supply to the refinery causes intermittent closure of the refinery and as such, reduces the end product of the refinery at those times.Lack of conformity to crude flexibleness regulations at TOR besides influences its public presentation. The refinery was intentionally designed to polish merely light and sweet petroleum.However, direction tend to intermix light rancid petroleum with light and sweet petroleum as manner of maximizing their net income borders due to the lifting monetary values of light petroleum. 37 This normally affects the operations and efficiency of the refinery, therefore cut downing its concluding end product.3.21 Government Policy of SubsidyAs a state-owned refinery, the activities of Government can non be excluded from the grounds why TOR performs so ill. Government as the exclusive proprietor of the refinery uses the National Petroleum Authority as a regulative organic structure to find the monetary values of crude oil merchandises in the state. 38 This organic structure besides has the duty of implementing authorities policy instruments such as revenue enhancements and subsidies at the crude oil subsector degree. To carry ex-pump monetary values of fuel depression, the authorities to a great extent subsidize ex-refinery monetary values. 39 In 2003 authorities subsidy on fuel was 29.5 % but increase it to about 39.7 % of the monetary value in 2005. 40 In entire, the authorities spent about US $ 276 million on fuel subsidy entirely by the terminal of 2011. However, these monies are barely recovered by th e refinery. Non-payment of measures by Oil Marketing Companies ( OMCs ) besides increases the predicament of TOR. This increases the liability of the refinery and hence reduces its ability to secure rough oil for its operation.Despite the fact that proficient efficiency and Capacity Utilisation are important in finding the public presentation of a refinery, managerial patterns and Government activity are every bit of import in measuring the public presentation of TOR as they give accounts to the causes of these inefficiencies and therefore, supply observational groundss to the ground why TOR is executing so ill.4.0 DecisionBased on the Analysis and happening on TOR, it is clear that the usage of Energy Intensities and Capacity Utilisation as indicated by other research workers are of import considerations in measuring the public presentation of refineries. But managerial patterns such as care civilization, conformity with care ordinances, conformity with rough flexibleness demand and Government policies proved to be influential in refinery public presentation and as such must be considered by future surveies. The survey showed that Energy Intensity and Capacity Utilisation find the Technical Efficiency of the refinery. From the survey, the energy ingestion of TOR is non efficient as compared to others. Besides, TOR losingss are due to proficient inefficiencies and managerial inaccuracies. It Average Annual Energy Intensity of 0.07KOE/1000 is hapless as others have Average Annual Energy of 0.05KOE/1000. Besides, the Average Annual Capacity Utilisation of 48.29 % is far below the criterion bench grade of 85 % . There is besides unequal system care at TOR which has impacted negatively on its public presentation. From the survey it is apparent that, non-payment of subsidy measures by authorities affected it ability to procure rough oil for its operations and therefore cut downing its end product. These hence suggest that, the Tema Oil Refinery is so executing il l due to Technical and Managerial challenges at the installation.

Comparative analysis of formalist and realist film theory Essay

Current essay provides a comparative analysis of doalist and documentaryist guide theories, ground on theoretical come upes, innovations, critical findings and characterisation-making dress of such renowned typicals of both currents of the subscribe to theory as Eisenstein, Arnheim and Bazin. Before beginning the analysis of the abovementioned subjects, one should point out that the difference between form and real material in genuine depiction-making is dialectical. In cinematograph ideas and candor juxtapose to create trusted synthesis.This effect is produced by representation of formal processing of real visual content. Ideas of a director whitethorn be realized with the inspection and repair of formal elements such as collage, focus, as well as additional mode like sound and special effects. This meaning that even those directors that seek to portray objective reality do not merely reproduce it, but spew into their films their ideas, thoughts and concepts. As any form of art, cinematograph heavily depends on its technical (instrumental) and fastidious (ideal) means, which are realized with the help of the former.Formal elements are necessary means for each creative director to transmit his/her own ideas and vision of reality. This, however, should not overstate the item that formal elements may be used to deviate objective reality and help construct ideological and biased vision thereof. The contrary may be also true with respect to pseudo-realist films, which pretend to portray objective reality, mend in fact create mere copy of it, devoid of any intellectual content. This can be used for justification of existent reality.This is the case for the volume of commercial films and contemporary film-making industry in general, which is centered on using different forms and genres in the view of getting profit. These aspects and meaning of form and reality representation in the film theory should be taken in consideration in this compar ative analysis of realist and formalist film theory. There is no denying the importance of the fact that Eisenstein was among the founding fathers of formalist film theory, as he was the first to develop the theory of montage and specific usage of film editing.These elements of cinematograph constitute the first cornerstone of formalist film theory, as it was developed in Eisensteins major fixs Beyond the Shot and Dramaturgy of Film Form. According to Eisenstein, cinema is mainly about montage (Beyond the Shot, p. 13). Using montage is both technical and artistic procedure, since it helps create meanings by means of combination/copulation of different images or situations. Thereby, as Eisenstein constantly states, the artistic effect is created, which is important in the visual type of communication provided by cinema.Eisenstein, for instance, tried to show this phenomenon referring to Japanese hieroglyphs, which often create new meanings by means of copulation (Beyond the Shot, p. 14). The most important thought Eisenstein tried to communicate was that formal elements of film outturn are central to realization of artistic greater ideas and the work with various materials ranging from historical scenes to innovative scenarios. Montage, according to Eisenstein, is not independent vis-a-vis objective and ideational representation of reality.Besides this, it should be noted that in residual with formalist film theory, the inability to use formal elements properly leads to degradation of films as the form of art, and moreover, this precludes realization of directors ideas that is intellectual film-making. Arnheim, another noted representative of realist film theory, claimed that visual representation of reality in film radically differs from physical perception of reality. This difference, according to Arnheim, gives significance to formal elements of cinema, which create artistic effects.Arnheims thorough analysis of these formal features shows that, if prope rly used, they may produce interesting emotional effects on spectators (Film and Reality, 323). Arnheim claims that creating images in film is neither two-dimensional, nor three-dimensional, but represents palmy middle. He provides us with example of the scene from Ruttmanns film Berlin, where the director creates collocation of the second and the third dimension by making a view of two trains moving in opposite directions.Film representation of this movement, according to Arnheim, creates certain impression and that is, what differentiates film images from real ones (Arnheim, 324). This vision of form in the film production was often regarded as manipulative by such representatives of realist film theory as Andre Bazin, who claimed that formal elements preclude real communication between spectators and films images and plot (The evolution of the language of the cinema, p. 48). However, even so argue to each other, formalist and realist tradition both criticize positivist realism in cinematograph for its ideological function and positivism.According to Arnheim, documentary genre is not the same as pure reproduction of reality instead, it is difficult artistic work. Bazins great revere for documentaries as the representations of objective reality should also be understood considering the abovementioned distinction. Eisensteins approach to film production unlike realist school represented by Bazin is based on dialectical theory, which sees the collision of opposites, their simultaneous integrity and negation as a cornerstone of every art. Eisenstein said that shot is not an element, but dialectical cell, which rests in organic unity with entire film.Contrary to that, realist film theory, represented by Bazin, draws on personalist perspective, which believes that a film should be a representation of auteurship. Bazin is deeply opposed to formalist perspectives, because he thinks that it breaks world in many little pieces and prevents genuine and autonomous pe rception of reality. Instead, Eisenstein puts particular emphasis on dialectical conflicts between shots, counterpoint of medicament and shot sequence etc. , which makes his formal approach look integral and all-embracing.As he claims, the knowledge of these formal dependencies is the core of genuine film production (Beyond the Shot, 16-17). Bazin in his rediscovery of realism in the history of art ends with a statement of great opposition between pseudorealism (which reproduces illusionary appearances) and realism which distributes the truth among spectators. According to Bazin, formalist film-making exemplified by Eisenstein and others extracts meaning from real images and makes it a product of subjective manipulation with reality, rather than its realist representation.Instead, Bazin claims that realism in film-making is focused on genuine representation of reality, which can be achieved by such technical means as shot-in-depth, focus or even wide shots (The Evolution of the lan guage of the cinema, p. 49-51). Hence, Bazin does not reject formal elements as such, but transforms them to achieve the purpose of realist representation. The continuity of images and shots should not, however, be interrupted by montage manipulation like in formalist theory the auteur should follow the unfolding of reality.This means that time and space should not be artificially separated by montage, which is the case with Eisensteins formalism, but instead, artistic truths should be found in the vocalism of difficult dealing between time and space. (As a result, a spectator has more possibilities of interpretation and autonomous understanding). Deep shot, according to Bazin, helps spectator to get circumferent to the image, which creates ambiguity of interpretation, which is more artistic than subjective manipulation (Bazin, p. 50).Moreover, it helps maintain the integrity of the image and specific elements in it, which is according to Bazin, no less important than montage (Ba zin, p. 49). These are the basic similarities and differences between formalist and realist film theories. Main approaches of these theories are essentially exemplified by two famous films Battleship Potemkin by Eisenstein (USSR, 1925) and Red Desert by Antonioni (Italy, 1964). Battleship Potemkin is a silent film by Eisenstein, which may be considered as practical realization of his formal montage theory.First of all, Eisenstein designed this film to be a propaganda of socialist revolution and, that is why, he put emphasis on emotional messages against repression and for heroism of ordinary people. Eisenstein extensively uses rhythmic and intellectual montage to create certain meaning and emotional effects. This can be best exemplified by famous scene on Odessa steps, where tzarist forces massacred civil population. Eisenstein uses close-ups and montage juxtapositions of Tsarists forces and victims of massacre.The dramatic close-ups of victims faces and cold and brutal faces of th e soldiers create deep emotional effects, which is the cornerstone of formalist film theory. Wonderful example of shot juxtaposition in the film is the image of baby carriage falling down the stairs and soldiers legs going down after it. The montage sequence of this scene has certain artistic meaning it portrays the brutality of Tsarist regime and its inhuman character and articulates these features by showing the images of its innocent victims.The relations between these two shots are intellectual, that is they help spectators interpret separate images and give meaning to them. Opposite realist theory can be best exemplified by Antonionis Red Dessert. The film may be characterized by avoiding manipulation with montage. Instead, authors realist vision of human alienation, loneliness and ugliness of modern civilization is realized through examining continuity of urban life, its relations and contradictions. Such elements of realist film theory as deep focus, wide shots, and color arr angements.Colors in Antonionis film also play formalist function, as he uses different tones and colors for depicting reality. For instance, plants in the film and surrounding objects are represented in red color, which creates certain emotional effects and embeds ambiguity. The result may be described as empathy into the destiny of man in industrial world, which helps poetically describe protagonists relations with it. To sum it up, main examples of realist and formalist approach were analyzed, and basic feature of both theories were revealed.

Citation and Organizational Structure Essay

M both Americans lead questioned whether competitiveness a full-scale war against China or a war of containment was the best policy for fighting the Korean War. Using the Internet, library, and other sources, research how Truman and MacArthur differed over strategy in fighting the Korean War. After analyzing each position, determine whether Truman or MacArthur had the best strategy. In an essay of approximately 350-400 words State why you believe Truman or MacArthur had the best strategy in fighting the Korean War. Give your reasons and arguments for the position you have chosen and make your arguments as convincing as possible. Does it appear to you that either strategy is based upon biblical principles? In what appearance and which principles are given saying by the policy or strategy? __________________ Remember to use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling when typing your essay. Remember, all ranges must follow the academys guidelines concerning plagiarism and MLA fo rmatting for the citation of sources. Source citation will be graded based on the following Did the student include parenthetical citations within the embody of his/her report any time he/she summarized or quoted a source? Are the parenthetical citations in proper format (MLA)? Is the works cited page in proper format (MLA)? Because it is very important to avoid even unintentional copying, any project submitted without a works cited page (when one is inevitable) will be returned to you in order for you to add it. You will then need to resubmit the project for grading after you have added the works cited page. You can refer to the Academys document on MLA format, found on the Academys online resource center www. aoacademy. com/resources, for additional assistance. NoticeWikipedia is not an acceptable source for any Academy project and may not be used. Contributors to Wikipedia sometimes plagiarize other sources or submit erroneous information. Be sure to use indigenous sources and cite your sources in accepted MLA (Modern Language Association) format. Go to Citing Sources in our online Resource Center for help. Projects will be graded according to a rubric which measures half a dozen important traits essential to good indite. Your teacher will use the rubric below to mop up aspects of each trait giving a best score of 5, or a lowest score of 1, or something in between.Once your teacher has scored each trait he/she will convert rubric tally to the Academy grade scale. Please study the chart below so to understand how to improve your writing and your project scores. Six characteristics + 1 Rubric Trait 5 3 1 Ideas The main message of the This paper is clear and focused. It The generator is beginning to define The paper has no clear sense of piece, the topic, with reinforcement holds the readers attention. the topic, even though development purpose or central theme. The flesh out that enrich and develop thatRelevant anecdotes and details enrichis lighten basic or general. reader must make inferences based topic. the central theme. on sketchy or missing details. 1. The paper is on the topic 1. The writer strays dour topic 1.The writer has not written on assigned, or one of the options, and 2. Support with details is the assigned topic or options focused. attempted. given. 2. Relevant, quality details go 3. Writer has difficulty going from2. Information is unclear or the beyond the obvious. general observations about the length is not adequate for 3.Writing from friendship or topic to specifics. development. experience ideas are fresh and 4. The reader is left with 3. Simply a restatement of the original. questions. instructions. 4. Readers questions are anticipated 4. The writing may be dis- and answered. connected, repetitious, and include random thoughts. Student did not comply to teacher implore for changes. Organization The internal The organizational structure of this The organi zational structure is The writing lacks a clear sense of structure, thread of central paper enhances and showcases the strong enough to move the reader direction meaning, logical, and sometimes central idea or theme of the paper. through the text without too much intriguing pattern or sequence of confusion. 1. No real lead or conclusion ideas. 1. An admittance draws the reader present. in a conclusion leaves the reader 1.The paper has a recognizable 2. Connections between ideas, if with a sense of closure and introduction and conclusion. present, are confusing. resolution. 2. Transitions sometimes work. 3. Sequencing needs work. 2. Thoughtful transitions connect 3. Sequencing shows some logic, yet4. Problems with organizational ideas. structure takes attention away fromstructure make it hard for the 3.Sequencing is logical and the content. reader to give way a grip on the main effective. 4. Organizational structure point or story line. Little or no 4. Organi zational structure is sometimes supports the main point evidence of paragraphing present. appropriate for purpose/audience or story line, with an attempt at Student did not comply to teacher paragraphing is effective. paragraphing. request for changes. Voice The unique perspective of theThe writer of this paper speaks The writer seems sincere, but not The writer seems uninvolved with writer evident in the piece or directly to the reader in a manner fully engaged or involved. The the topic, disinterested in the sustained use of the voice or that is individual, engaging, and event is passable, but not well audience, and oblivious of the perspective called for in the respectful for the audience. focused on the audience. instructions. instructions. 1. propose is reflected by content 1. Attempts to include content and 1. Purpose is unclear. and arrangement of ideas. arrangement of ideas to reflect 2. Expository or persuasive writing 2. Expository or persuasive writing p urpose. is mechanical, showing no reflects understanding and cargo2. Expository or persuasive writingengagement with the topic. to topic. lacks consistent engagement with 3. muniment writing lacks 3. Narrative writing is honest, topic. development of a point of view. personal, and engaging. 3. Narrative writing reflects . 4. do no attempt to write from 4. Clearly the voice asked for in thelimited individual perspective. the assigned perspective or voice. instructions, e. g. biblical 4.Made an attempt to adopt the Student did not comply to teacher character, historical character, voice asked for in the instructionsrequest for changes reporter on assignment. but did not sustain it. Word Choice The use of rich, Words convey the intended message in The language is functional, even ifThe writer struggles with a limited colorful, and slender language that a precise, interesting, and natural it lacks much energy. vocabulary. moves and enlightens the reader. way. 1. Words are specific and accurate. 1. Words are adequate and correct 1. Words are nonspecific or 2. Natural, effective, and in a general sense. distracting. appropriate language. 2. Familiar words and phrases 2.Many of the words dont work. 3. Lively verbs, specific nouns, and communicate. 3. Limited vocabulary, misuse of modifiers. 3. peaceable verbs, everyday nouns, parts of speech. 4. Language enhances and clarifies mundane modifiers. 4. Language is unimaginative and meaning. 4. Language functions, with one or lifeless, redundancy. two fine moments. Student did not comply to teacher request for changes. Sentence Fluency The flow of the The writing has an easy flow, rhythm,The text unremarkably hums along with a The reader has to practice quite a language, the way in which the and cadence. Sentences are steady beat, but has sections whichbit in order to give this paper a writing plays to the ear, not just well-constructed. throw off the reader. fair inte rpretive reading. the eye. 1. Sentences get the job done in a 1. Sentences are choppy, 1. Sentences enhance the meaning. routine fashion. incomplete, rambling, or awkward. 2. Sentences vary in length as well 2. Sentences are usually of similarPhrasing does not sound natural. as structure. length, yet constructed correctly. 2. No excoriate sense is present. 3. Purposeful and varied sentence 3. Sentence beginnings are somewhat3. Sentences begin the same way. beginnings. varied. 4. Endless connectives, if any 4. Creative and appropriate 4. The reader sometimes has to huntpresent. connectives. for connective clues. Student did not comply with teacher request for changes. Conventions The mechanical The writer demonstrates a good grasp The writer shows reasonable controlErrors in spelling, punctuation, correctness of the piece spelling, of banal writing conventions over a limited range of standard capitalization, usage, and grammar punctuation, capitalization, g rammar(e. g. , spelling, punctuation, writing conventions. and/or paragraphing repeatedly usage, and paragraphing. capitalization, grammar usage, distract the reader and make text paragraphing). 1. Spelling is usually correct or difficult to read. reasonably phonetic. 1. Spelling is generally correct. 2. End punctuation is usually 1. Spelling errors are frequent. 2. Punctuation is accurate. correct. 2. Punctuation is missing or 3. Capitalization skills are present. 3. Most capitalized words are incorrect. 4. Grammar and usage are correct. correct. 3. Capitalization is random. 5. Paragraphing tends to be sound. 4. Problems with grammar and usage 4. Obvious grammar or usage errors. are not serious. 5. Paragraphing is missing. 5. Paragraphing is attempted. Student did not comply with teacher request for changes. Presentation The project is clean, has all May be some problems in the Errors in formatting stimulate a The look of the paper, proper use ofdirecti ons included, and MLA format formatting. confusing paper that distracts the MLA formatting when necessary, was used correctly if needed. reader. correct titling and inclusion of 1. Project directions are included, project instructions 1.Project directions precede the but not placed correctly. 1. Project directions are missing project. 2. There are some problems with or incomplete. 2. Spacing is identical and font is font or spacing. 2. Spacing and font are not Times New Roman or Arial 12 point. 3. For multimedia, the visuals are standard. 3. In a multimedia project, uses of somewhat unclear or distracting. 3.Visuals in a multimedia project visuals are integrated without 4. In those projects for which are confusing and substandard. distraction. outside sources were used, MLA 4. kit and caboodle cited page and/or 4. Correctly formatted citations and formatting is mostly correct. Thereparenthetical citations for those works cited when outside sources weremay be s ome components missing or projects where necessary are used. improperly formatted. missing or incorrect. Student did not comply with teacher request for changes. *0 Not a valid attempt. Student did not make the changes recommended by the teacher. _______________ Paste the document you created and saved on your word processor below

The Seven Deadly Sins of Mahatma Gandhi

The Seven acerbic Sins mentioned by Mahatma Gandhi are * Wealth without work Nowadays we can see the evidence of commonwealth love to strain money without even have to do some work. Well, we might love to do that. I do want to if I could, haha. However, if we take a deeply sight of it, we can see that there will be only two probabilities of heap having some wealth without doing any efforts (1) those people are head towards laziness and poverty, (2) those people do corruptions. No offense, but money, wealth, is limited, and at one point it will be run out if the people did not do some work to add more money.Another possibility is to do some corruptions. People who corrupt can just manipulate money to add their suffer budgets. * Pleasure without conscience Conscience. It is the awareness of choosing which one is right or wrong, comes deep beneath the logic. Imagine the world seeking for pleasure without considering their heart. There is no responsibilities for people to share t heir pleasure with other people who are needing. Pleasure without conscience results in an empty world inside peoples hearts, just standardised spending money without charity. * Knowledge without character Having knowledge without character is like having a gasoline without a car.You might use it for something bad, such as to send word a building. People have the potential (knowledge), thus the character is set to make sure that the knowledge will be used wisely and for an admit and good thing. * Commerce (Business) without morality (ethics) Lol as a business management student, I was in truth taught to have ethics in every move that I make. Business is all about seeking opportunities and gains the highest benefit from others. To decide some plans in a business, environment, society, and even the rival should be considered as the factors to do the business. impart it harm the environment?Hurt the society? Or should we really make the rival bankrupt? Those aspects are little aspe cts which can bring a large problem in the future if we do not pay attention to it. * Science without humanity Have you ever heard of cloning? A-bomb? Deadly mutant virus? There is only a thin layer between humanity and inhumane within science. All those sciences are back to the people themselves whether they want to develop science with or without humanity. * Religion without sacrifice Nowadays we can see people who are saying with pride, Im a Moslem or Im a Christian. But hey, look at their attitudesIf they are Moslem, do they pray? Do they pay zakat? aim Al Quran? I myself cannot say I have done everything Allah asks me to. I still have long to-do lists to do, in a nobble period of life. Those Christians, do they go to church? See what is actually happening in this world today. I might say praying, and doing every instruction is hard, really hard. Perhaps that is why Mr. Gandhi said that religion without sacrifice is one of the deadly sins. We need to sacrifice some things in order to do the commands of our own religion. * governance without principle I dont really understand politics actually.However, we all know that having politics without principle is just like losing directions. Dead scrooge Policy * A corporate-owned life redress policy that a company may take out on its employeesoften without their knowledgedesignating the company as beneficiary. If the employee dies young, the company gets tax-free wipeout benefits. If the employee lives long, it has a long-running tax break * Dead Peasant Insurance is sometimes used as a shorthand university extension for life insurance policies that insure a companys rank-and-file employees and name the company as the beneficiary.This means that the company receives the life insurance benefits when the covered employees die. This insurance may also be called janitor insurance, * The point of dead peasant policies seems to be this Companies contribute money to the policies, which thusly can be used to pay for a variety of company expenses. In addition, when employees, retirees and former employees die, the company receives tax-free death benefits. Life insurance used to be rather straightforward, known for offering protection to loved ones in a tough time. So when Irma Johnson learned that her husband, Daniel, who died of brain cancer, had been insured or $1. 5 million, it should have been at least a lower-ranking comfort. But she did not receive the money. His employer did. Its one of the strangest free-market perversions that Michael Moore highlights in his latest film, Capitalism A Love Story. In the corporate practice dubbed Dead Peasants life insurance, companies dally on employees lives, expecting to make money when they die. And its pervasive, said Mike Myers, an attorney who has uncovered many of these cases and helped angry relatives sue. Life insurance is traditionally used to guard against the death of breadwinners.This is an investment scheme, he said. Dozens of blue chip companies have these policies, according to Myers. But only banks are forced to reveal them, and several have one million million millions of dollars deserving of policies. The driving force behind it is the tax deductions, he said. The life insurance policies were designed to allow companies to insure a few crucial executives. Savvy companies then realized they could also get a tax break by insuring many lower-level employees. The financial scheme doesnt actually cost the employees anything, except, some say, their charge.Betina Tillman felt floor and deceived when a reporter from The Wall Street Journal told her that her brother, a music store cashier, was insured by his employer for $339,000 when he died, despite the fact that he no longer worked at the store. We were just in disbelief they were able to do it, and actually cash the policy and cash in on the policy, Tillman said. Families Battle in Court She sued, and won. Now, the government mandates that companies obtai n the consent of employees. In the case of Daniel Johnson, Amegy Bank told ABC News that Johnson did give his consent, but Irma disputes that, and shes suing.Rep. Gene Green, D-Texas, has pushed for even tougher restrictions. We hope our laws are based on not only fairness, but morals, Green told ABC News. And to me, its immoral to benefit from your death if I dont know you. Meanwhile, for those who feel they have been wronged and were neer told about the insurance, its up to them to brave the court system. It was a matter of making sure we did the right thing and something that would honor our brother, Tillman said. We sent a message crosswise to that company, to let them know you may have gotten away with it all these years, but not this time. CURRENT EVENTS ? Region 8 Get P7 New COLA P6 earnings Hike In Region 3 MB Fri, Oct 5, 2012 MANILA, Philippines Minimum wage earners in Region VIII will get a P7. 00 Cost of life-time Allowance (COLA) in their daily wage rate which will be effective on October ? Program Boosts Food Security, Income MB Fri, Oct 5, 2012 ILOILO CITY (PIA) The implementation of a nationwide rural development program Philippine Rural Development Program (PRDP), which will cover 80 provinces in Luzon, ? 3 Women Man Shariah Courts MB Fri, Oct 5, 2012MANILA, Philippines Three Muslim women are manning three Shariah Circuit Courts in Mindanao. ? Binay Maintains High Trust Rating MB Thu, Oct 4, 2012 MANILA, Philippines Filipinos continue to appreciate the work of and maintain trust in the Vice President and Senate President, according the latest Pulse Asia sur ? Centcom Vows More Insurgency-Free Provinces MB Tue, Oct 2, 2012 CAMP LAPU-LAPU, Cebu City Newly installed Central Command (Centcom) commander Rear Admiral Jose Luis Alano during a recent turn-over ceremony here announced that more ? Trainers Program For IT-BPO MB Tue, Oct 2, 2012MANILA, Philippines To haul in US$25 billion revenues in four years, the government and the pri vate sector yesterday launched a P25. 2-million trainers training program ? Road Quality, Safety Improvement Cited MB Mon, Oct 1, 2012 MANILA, Philippines The freak vehicular accident in Nueva Ecija that claimed at least nine lives last week should remind national and local authorities of the need ? Visayas Energy Facilities Upgrade perfect MB Mon, Oct 1, 2012 TAGBILARAN CITY, Bohol The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) announced that it has completed the upgrade of its Energy Management System (EMS) in ?DENR, Foresters Host Subic Summit MB Mon, Oct 1, 2012 SUBIC speak FREEPORT The recent 2012 National Forestry Summit at the Subic Freeport, participated in by some 1,200 foresters, academicians, state workers, and wood industry ? Philippines 2013 elections Same faces but new foes ANN Mon, Oct 1, 2012 Manila (Philippine effortless Inquirer/ANN) The electoral matchups in many parts of the Philippines for 2013 show veteran politicians returning to the campai gn trail to E2 po link ng mga current events. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/October_2012

Earth Structures

Lesson Goal Recognize how bed contention responds to tectonic forces originating deep within Earth. 1. Compare and contrast taste and endeavoring. In material science, strain is express by deformation caused through the action of stress on a physical body. It is calculated by a change in ii body states line and final states. The difference in two states expresses the (numerical) value of strain. Strain is equal to a change in size and shape of a physical body. Strain can be categorized in to two types homogenous and non-homogenous.Homogenous strain is referred if the strain is equal the entire portion of the body while non-homogenous strain the strain is equal to a portion of a body. Stress is equivalent to force per unit area. It is calculated by the intensity of internal forces performing within a body across imaginary internal come outs. This results to extern every(prenominal)y applied and body forces. Stress is related to force while strain is related to deformation. In s tress-associated properties, all materials have temperature dependent differences.Static fluids support the hydrostatic pressure it will flow under shear stress. abject viscous fluids supports the dynamic pressure (Samaniego Stress, strain and fault patterns). 2. Distinguish between joints and faults. What makes a fault officious? In geology, joint is a fracture in a rock mass, which has no offset. It refers to non-lateral movement of atomic number 53 side relative to the other while a fault refers to a fracture in rock mass where one side slides laterally past to the other. The structure of a joint forms a consentaneous and hard rock that stretches past its elastic modules.In any case, the rock fractures in a plane upright to the extensional stress is paralled with compressive stress. Joints naturally exist when erosion removes overlying rocks. This reduces the compressive load and allowing the rock to expand laterally. In addition, cooling of hot rock masses and cooling joint s forms joint (Joint 2007). There are three major(ip) classifications of faults. These include normal, reverse and strike slip faults. The (tectonic) stresses due to plate motions were developed over time and despoils in the crust of the Earth. The rocks at uneven periods break up.This results to earthquakes. Normal faulting originated at the divergent boundaries while reverse faulting originated at convergent boundaries. Normal faulting is associated with crustal extension while reverse faulting is associated with crustal shortening. Lastly, strike-slip faulting originated at transformed boundaries (Reches Faulting of rocks in 3-dimensional strain fields II. Theoretical analysis). 3. Explain what each type of unconformity implies about the sequence of geologic events. quad types of unconformity include disconformity, nonconformity, angular unconformity and paraconformity.Disconformity refers to an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks representing a period o f erosion. Nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. The sedimentary rock lies above and deposited on the pre-existing and eroded igneous rock. Unconformity refers to a break in the continuity of sedimentary rocks caused by erosion. Paraconformity appears when the beds above and below are parallel no erosion-al surface is present. In any case, the unconformity results to a separation and/or deposition of two rock masses causing the sequence of geologic events (Unconformity 2007).Works Cited Joint. 2007. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. , Columbia University Press. 9 December 2007 http//www. infoplease. com/ce6/sci/A0826522. html. Reches, Z. Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Theoretical analysis. 31 March 2003. Technophysics. 9 December 2007 http//www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V72-48894N0-2S&_user=10&_origUdi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S&_fmt= higher(prenominal)&_coverDate=05%2F20%2F1983&_rdoc=1&_orig=article &_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ca2e0b329475a6f5a70a37b5eda89e86.Samaniego, A. Stress, strain and fault patterns. 30 July 1999. Journal of geomorphologic Geology. 9 December 2007 http//www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=715c8aab57dd7baa2d89a90c55869bbd. Unconformity. Sci-Tech Encyclopedia. 9 December 2007 http//www. answers. com/topic/unconformity? cat=technology.

I Love U Rasna

1. How do you set a system for this study? Null Hypothesis, Ho Rasna image not recaptured in the market. Alternate Hypothesis, Ha Rasna image recaptured and blur is revamped in the market. 2. Explain various research processes involved in the study. The various research processes involved in the study are a. They discovered untapped potential of soft drink concentrate by commercialize Research. b. Then they tapped the market by launching the Rasna and planned ad apparent movements to increase the acceptability. c. They researched impact of the ad campaign on the mind of the customers. d.They also researched about the market share after the entry of Pepsi and Coke. e. After the declivity of Rasna, the discovered crude problems regarding customer changing needs (Problem Identification). f. Survey a survey was conducted by AC-Nielsen to tax the consumer confidence in Rasna. 3. In your opinion what may be the perceived benefits of a new ad campaign? The new ad campaign has many pe rceived benefits which helped in the revamping of Rasna in the market. They are a. The new brand symbol-a leaf, symbolized freshness and naturalness which improved product acceptability among customers. . It targeted all segments base on age with the new tagline and the logo. This changed the previous perceptions about the product of organism children oriented. c. The product also got genuinely popular amongst children and hence, helped in increasing the market share. d. It established Rasna as a trustworthy product because of being endorsed by kids in the ads. e. It influenced the buying behavior of the parents as the ad campaign improved the product acceptability. f. A celebrity brand ambassador helped the brand connect to masses better. g.Customer involvement (slogan contests) also helps in gaining customer loyalty for a longsighted term. h. Displaying a complete range of Rasna and highlighting it for all seasons makes it much value-added. 4. Comment on the list of promotiona l activities undertaken during the revamping process. Impact of promotional activities are a. Double split technique- The Ek ka Do concept targeted the prospective customers to provide them a trial pack and also portrayed it as a ready to use product. It also was affordable to lower sections of the society. . New Flavours- Introducing new flavours was another good promotional strategy to add some differentiation to the products to increase the sales. c. New Retailing Strategy- It helps in increasing the scattering channels of the products and targeting more and more customers. d. Slogan Contests- It enhanced the customer involvement with the product and helps in gaining long term customer relationship and loyalty. e. Celebrity Endorsements- The celebrity endorsements help in connecting with masses and attracts the attention of the customers.

Catholic Church In Ireland Essay

The role of Catholic church building service service in the ontogenesis of the gentility corpse in the 19th atomic number 6 Ireland. The Catholic church service in Ireland was known as Romans Catholic Churches. The church was headed by a pontiff. In Ireland the Catholic Church was organised in dioceses and parishes, which was headed by the archbishops, bishops and priests. The Catholic church of Ireland had various unearthly orders among which were fathers of the Holy Ghost, Vincentians Capuchins, and Augustinians among others and altogether of their each participated in offering missions or article of faith. In Ireland, there were priests societies and they were in various countries, with missionary society of St. capital of South Carolina existence located in country math, and St. Patricks missionary sociated situated in country Wicklow.1In Ireland there was the freedom of religion, and this was after the redrafting of the Ireland constitution in 1937 and it was then w hen the special position which was unplowed off specific all in all in ally for religion was ended. During this period, there were many churches in Ireland, and indeed by considering Catholic church, it does not hateful that this was the only church. Other churches in Ireland included the Presbyterian, Eastern Orthodox, and Salvation Army among others. Ireland is one of the outs with oldest history of churches and Christianity in general.Ireland had the first missionary from France in year 431 and he was known as palladius, because the Irish believed in Christ, the pope saw it necessary to send this missionary to the Ireland in order to continue spreading the gospel. The achievement of palladius was termed by most state as a failure solely due to his ability to come up with some churches in laigin, others see that the palladius visit was a success because he was equal to(p) to start his mission. didactics IN IRELANDIn Ireland, religion as well as the practices associated wi th religion are considered very grand and are adhered to the dot. Ireland having the various Christian groups, the majority of the Irish population are known to be Catholics from Rome.2 The Irish mountain are united and respect everyones religion. This is a very good consideration that promotes cultivation, and leave out of the respect can cause a lot of negative impact in the cultivation system.In Ireland, and apart from Christians, there are as well Bahais Islamic, Hindus, Buddhists, and people who had the Jewish faith, but all these people lived in concert as a society united by the respect they had for each others religion. This contributed a lot to the provision of procreational activity to the Irish people.3 The Irish people give cared be statement, and traditionally the adore and honoured program line. Despite their differences in terms of religion, they ensured that their children had rise to power to education while still in his or her proterozoic childhood. This was enforced by all people and to facilitate education to all children, this was indicated in their constitution. To further elicit this, many education institutions provided free education to the Irish children in various education levels. The Irish education was split up into levels and to facilitate graduation from one level to another, the children were evaluate to have passed in their previous level.These levels started from the primitive level, which admitted young children of about six years and then the secondary level which came as a head of passing the primary winding level. The third level was the level of high uper education where the education attained in the first two levels was furthered, courses and technical tuition was offered in this level as well as the degrees and stain graduate levels of education. Ireland thus was among the countries which are recognised to have participated fully in education and with a high number of students enrolling and com pleting their education to even the higher education level.This has made their graduates to be recognised internationally with many countries and companies employing the graduates in their organisations and companies. This shows that the country produces high qualified and competent graduates.Catholic Church in the organic evolution of the education system in the nineteenth atomic number 6.Catholic Church was of spectacular implication in the development of education system in Ireland in the nineteenth century. Bearing in mind that in Ireland education is unequivocal the Catholic Church compete a big role in ensuring that this education was compulsory to al children despite their familys financial status. The Catholic churches came up with mass education system in Ireland. This was as a result of the contribution of the Catholic missionaries in the valuing of the mass education. 4They knew with this, many children could have access to the education with an equal provision of th is education to all children considering nothing else, but just the need for the education to all. The Catholics constructed schools which were headed by Catholics leaders and teachers. Among these schools were the elementary schools where the head examiner was a Catholic dean and local inspector a priest. The school also have committee and teachers who were Catholics. These types of schools never mixed students in terms of sexes and the children thus could be easily protected. The normal schools were headed by priest as the president and teachers had to be Catholics. These schools were involved with pedagogy and training teachers. These schools were very important in the development of the Irish education because they enhance qualified teachers easy to educate the small children and the youths in their other schools. The Catholic Church saw the great need of religious education to both children and youth who live in the community5. They believed that children who get the religio us education are at a better position in their society since the education guides the maturing child mind in a fashion which a child can know what is expected from him or her, in relating with other people in the society, and in the virtuous understanding.The Catholic schools for children ensure that the children are taught and learn on how to have reverence and how to work. This is enhanced by creating judgment of conviction for devotions and time for communal work, thus ensuring that all children participates in these work and information on how to do various works, in various situations and within a limited time.This helps the children to be able to have devotions in their future lives and also to fit in the society which requires industrious or rather unvoiced and actively working individuals.The schools equipped children with the companionship and understanding inculcating obedience to parents and people in authority. This helped the children to understand the roles of the authority and what is expected from them by the parents and the people in authority. This enhanced respect to all people in the society in which the children lived. Children grew up being honest to all people in the society and intelligently.From this we can see that the catholic churches contributed a lot in the education during the nineteenth century since their schools were foundations which not only provided education which was compulsory, to all children, but also had the shell for the children, facilitating easy relationship among the children, and also with other people in the society. The catholic churches had various pedagogics orders. They could use school, or even move for camps. All these were targeting at providing religious education and other form of education of children and youths. The catholic churches provided training for the youth concerning the religion principles. These principles gave the youth the best in regard to the religion. This helped the youth to have clear vision on what they are expected do in the society, and also training them to how to be object lessonly up proper(ip). Ireland just like any other society had moral values and there was the standard which every Irish was expected to live in.The Catholic Church thus took the initiative to prepare the youths with these expectations, and this helped the youth to cope with life. The catholic churches gave this to the youth, by holding youth seminars, and youth discussions where many youths, were assembled and the catholic teachers and other catholic individuals were used to teach the youths.6 This had great impact in the society, because the youth could learn a lot from these training on top of their classroom.The education which these catholic churches gave to children and youths also inhibited dissimilarism, and Ireland being a large country with many people and of different religion, these children and youths could use the knowledge acquired from this training take e ach other in the society in a similar manner, and this helped a lot in maintaining unity and peace among the people. The catholic churches had a different way of contributing to the education of their countrys people. With this I mean the catholic churches ensured that education was free to all children by paying taxes. The tax income was used to manage and maintain the needs and requirements of the free education. This was because many children were acquire their education in public schools as compared to the catholic schools, and with this high number of the children thus promoting the childrens education. For the catholic schools, the catholic churches gave volunteer was as part of their contribution to their schools. By doing this, the financial requirements of the catholic schools were minimised and the money which they save from the minimised use of finances was used to help the public schools. The volunteer work in their church schools was stipulation to specifically appro ved schools, and these schools had a better chance of enrolling more students thus ensuring education to all children. The catholic churches ensured that the books which were used by the catholic teachers to educate children were selected by the priest and also ensured that the books have what was good and right for the children. This was done to ensure that the children engaged in reading books which could enable them to develop good morals, and achieve the best knowledge. The catholic churches, volunteers were also willing to provide their personnel, materials and time for the sake of education of the children.7The manager of the catholic churches and catholic schools created a chance for interschool activities, whereby the pupils in the catholic schools could interact with pupils from protestant schools and other public schools. This played a big role in enhancing the pupils relationships and doing of field work in a joint manner. The pupils could be able to learn new ideas and g et extra knowledge as a result of combine the new ideas with the ones they already had.From this joint fieldwork, the pupils were able to pick some contests from other schools, and at the same time being in a state of learning their strength and weaknesses, which would help them in analysing and rectifying where they had the wrong track down or ideas. This learning as a result of joint fieldwork was based on the pupils of both catholic schools and any other participating schools, thus from the wide range of participating schools, children got extra education.Catholic schools were looked upon by the society. The catholic churches were involved with practicing degree of control in civil society. The churches ensure that they practices what was up to their region and this is what they move to put in the pupils minds.The catholic churches were one of the doers who participated in introduction of new integrated education, as they considered the intricacy of children from different backgrounds in terms of religion to have impact on the learning of the pupils. Later during the nineteenth century a philosophy requiring man to have equal supremacy with state was invented. This never disheartened the Catholic Church in its attempt to provide education to all children. Due to the development in industries, it happened that various machines were to be used in the industries.8 To operate these machines, the operators were required to have training in all the machine operating procedures. This was based in the states side and this means the Catholic Church experienced challenges as quite large of the students had to shift in order to achieve this.The Catholic Church was the primary agent in provision of education and with this, the church aimed at providing the best not considering other factors. Many were measure when the Catholic Church went short of funds to finance the education. This was usually a challenge but the Catholic Church never gave up, but rather went ahead to volunteering and offering whatever they could get. This was usually a challenge because other public schools used to get some funds from the government, unlike the Catholic Church, but they kept moving on in providing education despite all this. The Catholic Church teachers operated in teaching children in seasons. This was because during winters, the pupils were not usually in sessions.9 The Catholic Church teachers ensured they provided education, by moving from one place to another either within one parish, or across many of them, and some generation even from place to place, searching for pupils to teach once they got enough number of pupils to teach, they taught as long as their strength, willingness and time was being utilised in a way to benefit a pupil. Many of the pupils came from poor backgrounds and despite the need of money and buildings to use as a place to call a school, the Catholic Church teachers ensured they went on teaching pupils and making Ireland to have more educated people as when comparing to the bordering countries.10When the churches gave free catholic schools, and mostly in urban areas the pupils and teachers used the churches as the venue for their education and the teachers got salary from funds generated from parochial, and this ensured that they taught pupils without being harassed by the government. Later a national education system was introduced after a look at in parliament. This ensured that pupil from poor backgrounds. This education focused on providing separating religious education and enhancing literacy and morals. This wanted to abolish the favours related to religions and all Christians without considering their denomination were considered when making the application to the schools. However some funds were required for charge of school the teaching staffs salary and in order to buy books. The mode of teaching was different from the teaching done in the catholic churches, because for this national educa tion system, a week was divided in order to facilitate the teaching of literacy and moral and this was done in the five days of a week, and the other two days the religion education was taught. This ensured separate teaching of both the religion education and the moral and literacy education they ulterior considered to offer religion advices every day after the normal moral and literacy classes. Several churches objected this form of education. The first to refuse were the Presbyterians who opted to have their children having their education based on their denomination. This brought some disputes and later it was passed that there was a freedom for the religious education to be taught on regular bases just like the moral and literacy education.For the children of the parents who felt their children demand it, and the freedom of parents who felt their children do not required the religious book of instructions to be picking their children before the instructions starts. The Cathol ic Church then joined in refusing and argued that their children needed religious education in equal proportions to moral and literacy education. The Catholics were not up to the claims which authorised established church to have the power to manage the schools, and the fact that bible scriptures were not to be included in the times when general instructions were being taught to children. The Catholic Church continued to give trial to its mode of education despite the fact that providing the building for the children being education was limited and the government who were against the idea. The financial status of the Irish people also kept giving the Catholic Church challenges since it was always poor to support their childrens education.The Catholics objected the national education system because the commissioners ensured that they benefited from the states funds without really caring about the many places with the fund neediness and which can be helped by providing these funds. Th e Catholics felt very bad because of this. However they had nothing better to do than objecting from the public side because even the ratio of the Catholics representing them was very low, and due to this, they always have not join in the commission. The ration contrasted with the actual ration of the catholic in the total population, because Catholics were the majority in immaculate Ireland population. The Catholics held their point that they needed their schools having the religious instructions available for their children. This was because some of the scriptures which appeared in text books used by the children and teachers in class were neither valid, nor recognised by the Catholics and their authorities and these books had a lot of the Ireland culture and tradition as the only reference.11 The Catholics objected this arguing that a good education system need to provide knowledge and intelligence to a pupil, as well as giving the instruction concerning religion which enhanced moral development of children and better relationship of the children and other people in the society. According to the proposal of the new education system, there was to be a school of teachers where training of the teachers who would teach the pupils was to be done. The proposal indicated that the institution would be the only recognised training institution, a teacher from any other training institution would be considered not qualified and not having competency in teaching, hence not allowed to teach in Ireland.This acted as a provocation to the Catholics who objected furiously and they were denied the request to have a catholic appointed to on behalf of the catholic teachers religious training. This resulted to very few Catholics enrolling in the training school, and the managers of the Catholic schools decided not to accept some few places which were being given to their teachers in the training college. Most of the managers in the schools were not quality but the proposal in sisted on training teachers specifically at the proposed training school, and most of the trainers of the trainees were not professionals, and they targeted on training about philosophy and theology since majority of them were priests. In Ireland the primary schools have higher population as compared to secondary schools and universities. Just as there are many issues left un sorted in primary education same case applies to secondary schools which have fewer population and thus less schools. analyze the Catholic Church influence, there was a chance for Trinity College and two universities to be found, and this shows how the education system under the Catholic Church was more organised and with a focus compared to the National education system.12To conclude, the Catholic Church contributed a lot in the education development in Ireland in the nineteenth century and its good to credit the Catholics effort and devotion for the Irish people education. The catholic teachers and other Cath olics individuals who connected themselves in generous provision of education to all children not considering their financial background. Its through the hard struggle of the Catholic Church that the education of Irish people became a success. 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